The ExpressSAS H608 is among ATTO s first HBAs to provide high-speed 6Gb/s performance at 600MB/s per port. By utilizing a serial, point-to-point architecture, in addition to PCI Express 2.0 bus technology, ExpressSAS 6Gb/s HBAs are engineered for demanding applications. The ExpressSAS H608 features eight internal ports, and with support for SAS expanders allows connections of up to 256 end-point devices.
SCSI Products » SAS Archives
The ExpressSAS H680 provides high-speed 6Gb/s performance at 600MB/s per port. By utilizing a serial, point-to-point architecture, in addition to PCI Express 2.0 bus technology, ExpressSAS 6Gb/s HBAs are engineered for demanding applications. The ExpressSAS H680 features eight external ports and allows connections to 256 end-point devices.
The ExpressSAS H60F provides high-speed 6Gb/s performance at 600MB/s per port. By utilizing a serial, point-to-point architecture, in addition to PCI Express 2.0 bus technology, ExpressSAS 6Gb/s HBAs are engineered for demanding applications. The ExpressSAS H60F features 16 internal ports and allows connections to 512 end-point devices.
The ExpressSAS H6F0 provides high-speed 6Gb/s performance at 600MB/s per port. By utilizing a serial, point-to-point architecture, in addition to PCI Express 2.0 bus technology, ExpressSAS 6Gb/s HBAs are engineered for demanding applications. The ExpressSAS H6F0 features 16 external ports and allows connections to 512 end-point devices.
The ExpressSAS H644 provides high-speed 6Gb/s performance at 600MB/s per port. By utilizing a serial, point-to-point architecture, in addition to PCI Express 2.0 bus technology, ExpressSAS 6Gb/s HBAs are engineered for demanding IT and digital media applications. The ExpressSAS H644 features four internal ports, four external ports and allows connections to 256 end-point devices.
ExpressSAS 6Gb/s Host Bus Adapters (HBAs) deliver the fastest available connection to SAS or SATA tape or disk storage. With a full range of port configurations and driver support, easy-to-use features, extensive industry qualifications and support for up to 2,048 end devices, ATTO has a 6Gb/s SAS HBA design to meet your performance needs.
SAS 4i plug, R/A TH
SAS 4i plug, R/A TH
SAS 4i plug, Vertical Pressfit
SAS BACKPLANE RECEPT, VERTICAL, Hybrid
SAS HDD Receptacle, Vertical
SAS HDD Receptacle, Vertical
SAS HDD Receptacle, Vertical
SAS PLUG 15+7+7P ASSEMBLY
SAS BACKPLANE RECEPT, VERTICAL, Pressfit
SAS HDD Receptacle, Vertical
SAS BACKPLANE RECEPT, VERTICAL, Pressfit
SAS PLUG 15+7+7P,0.96mm OFFSET
ASSY, SAS PLUG, SMT, 15+7+7P
Molex offers a broad range of SAS interface evaluation boards and Adapter cable assemblies for test equipment, protocol analyzers, and lab use. Many SAS plug to any SAS plug adapter cables are available - consult the factory for more information.
Molex offers a complete line of SAS 4x Shielded (External) Multilane Cable assemblies. The Molex LaneLink Product Line includes Jack Screw attach cables to the standard right angle board mount connectors.
SAS 4x External Multilane Connectors Molex offers a complete line of SAS 4x Shielded (External) Multilane Connectors. The LaneLink Product Line includes right angle board mount connectors with optional solder post attach. Jack Sockets are provided to attach the cable assemblies. EMI gaskets are included.
Molex offers a full line of Shielded (External) Mini SAS 4x Connectors. The Molex iPass Product line provides the high density & high speed interface alternative in the SAS Standard. 1-by-1, 1-by-2, & 1-by-4 ganged solutions are offered.
Molex offer a complete line of mini Multilane 4i SAS products. The Molex iPass interconnect system provides Vertical & Right angle unshielded, internal connectors.
Molex offers a complete line of internal SAS 4i (4x MultiLane) pcb connectors. Included are: Vertical & right angle pcb connectors; Standard, low profile, and right angle cable exit plugs are available only on Molex cable assemblies.
Molex 1x Internal & External Connectors & Cables conform to both SAS and SATA standards.
The Ultrastar C10K300 drive saves you money on your cooling costs. Compared to its 3.5-inch sibling, power consumption is reduced by up to 65%. Advanced Power Management feature with multi-state idle modes maintains compatibility with T10 direction and can be pre-programmed or manually initiated in the system. In keeping with the Hitachi tradition of respecting the environment, the Ultrastar C10K300 drive also boasts halogen-reduced components that are earth friendly. These eco-friendly features qualify the C10K300 for the EcoTrac classification.
Ultrastar™ C10K600 is a 2.5-inch 10,000 RPM hard drive that leads the industry with 18% faster sequential and up to 15% random performance than the nearest competitor. The high-performance SAS 6Gb/s interface delivers data reliability, availability and scalability and is the only small form factor SAS drive in the industry to pack a 64MB cache buffer to optimize the read/write response time.
The Ultrastar C15K146 completes the Hitachi portfolio of performance drives for Enterprise-class applications in the mission critical storage tier, This 15,000 RPM, small form factor drive is ideal for high-performance 24x7 Enterprise applications. Compared to similar 3.5-inch drives from Hitachi, sequential performance is 29% higher, and 11% higher when compared to its 10K RPM sibling. The 64MB cache buffer is the largest available in its class in the industry. In addition, Advanced Power Management technology optimizes power consumption which can lower data center energy usage and cooling costs. This drive uses 50% less power than similar 3.5-inch drives in the Hitachi lineup. The Ultrastar C15K147 drive is designed on the same platform as its 10K RPM sibling to reduce qualification time.
The Ultrastar 15K600 combines ultimate performance with high capacity in a single drive, storing up to 600GB of data while spinning at 15,000 RPM. That amounts to a capacity growth of 33% over its predecessor to keep pace with digital data growth and improve space efficiency in today's data centers. At the same time, sequential performance increased by 23% compared to prior generation to keep data moving faster. The 64MB cache buffer is the largest in the industry in its class. The 6Gb/s Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) and 4Gb/s Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FCAL) interfaces support the reliability required in the most demanding enterprise computing environments like on-line transaction processing, intensive data analysis, multi-user applications and data warehousing.
The Hitachi Ultrastar 7K3000 is the world's first and only 7200 RPM hard drive targeted at 2.0 million hours MTBF and backed by a full five-year warranty. Available in 3TB and 2TB capacities, the Ultrastar 7K3000 represents the fifth-generation Hitachi 5-platter mechanical design and has been field proven by top server and storage OEMs as well as leading Internet giants.
The Ultrastar family delivers the highest sequential throughput reaching 100 times faster than HDD's, SSDs enable rapid access to "hot" enterprise data for improved productivity and operational efficiency. The Ultrastar family offer significant value in terms of IOPs per Watt, while reducing total cost of ownership (TCO) through lower power consumption, efficient cooling and reduced space requirements.
The LSI SAS6160 16-port SAS switch significantly extends direct-attached storage (DAS) environments by allowing multiple servers to connect to one or more independent external storage systems. The 6Gb/s SAS switch provides a low-cost and easy-to-use storage networking option for rack-mount servers and storage installations in cloud computing, mega data center, small- to medium-size business, and virtual server environments.
The LSISAS9205-8e is a low-profile high performance Gen2 PCIe to 8-port 6Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with two external x4 SAS connector (SFF-8088).
The LSISAS9200-8e is a low-profile Gen2 PCIe to 8-port 6Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with two external x4 SAS connector (SFF-8088).
The LSISAS9200-16e is a full height ¾ length Gen2 PCIe to 16-port 6Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with four external x4 SAS connector (SFF-8088).
The LSISAS9201-16e is a full height Gen2 PCIe to 16-port 6Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with four external x4 SAS connector (SFF-8088).
The LSISAS9202-16e is a low-profile Gen2 PCIe to 16-port 6Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with four external high density x4 SAS connector (SFF-8644).
The LSISAS9212-4i4e is a low-profile Gen2 PCIe to 8-port 6Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with one internal x4 SAS connector (SFF-8087) and one x4 external SAS connector (SFF-8088) with Integrated RAID 0,1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS9211-4i is a low-profile Gen2 PCIe to 4-port 6Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with one internal x4 SAS connector (SFF-8087) with Integrated RAID 0,1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS9211-8i is a low-profile Gen2 PCIe to 8-port 6Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with two internal x4 SAS connector (SFF-8087) with Integrated RAID 0,1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS31601E is a full height Gen1 PCIe to 16-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with four external x4 SAS connector (SFF-8088).
The LSISAS3801X is a low-profile 64-bit, 133MHz PCI-X to 8-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with two external x4 SAS connector (SFF-8088).
The LSISAS3801E is a low-profile Gen1 PCIe to 8-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with two external x4 SAS connector (SFF-8088).
The LSISAS3442X-R is a low-profile 64-bit, 133MHz PCI-X to 8-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with one internal x4 SAS connector (SFF-8484) and one x4 external SAS connector (SFF-8470) with Integrated RAID 0, 1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS3442E-R is a low-profile Gen1 PCIe to 8-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with one internal x4 SAS connector (SFF-8484) and one external x4 SAS connector (SFF-8470) with Integrated RAID 0, 1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS3041X-R is a low-profile 64-bit, 133MHz PCI-X to 4-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with four internal x1 SATA connector with Integrated RAID 0, 1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS3080X-R is a low-profile 64-bit, 133MHz PCI-X to 8-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with two internal x4 SAS connector (SFF-8484) with Integrated RAID 0, 1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS3041E-R is a low-profile Gen1 PCIe to 4-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with four internal x1 SATA connectors with Integrated RAID 0, 1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS3081E-R is a low-profile Gen1 PCIe to 8-port 3Gb/s SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA) with two internal x4 SAS connector (SFF-8484) with Integrated RAID 0, 1 & 1E support.
The LSISAS2x24 is LSI's third generation of SAS/SATA expanders that incorporates the latest enhancements in SAS technology. The LSISAS2x24 is a 24-port 6 Gb/s SAS/SATA expander with an integrated ARM processor for topology management functions such as discovery and enclosure management.
The LSISAS2x28 is LSI's third generation of SAS/SATA expanders that incorporates the latest enhancements in SAS technology. The LSISAS2x28 is a 28-port 6 Gb/s SAS/SATA expander with an integrated ARM processor for topology management functions such as discovery and enclosure management.
The LSISAS2x36 is LSI's third generation of SAS/SATA expanders that incorporates the latest enhancements in SAS technology. The LSISAS2x36 is a 36-port 6 Gb/s SAS/SATA expander with an integrated ARM processor for topology management functions such as discovery and enclosure management. The LSISAS2x36 is LSI's third generation of SAS/SATA expanders that incorporates the latest enhancements in SAS technology. The LSISAS2x36 is a 36-port 6 Gb/s SAS/SATA expander with an integrated ARM processor for topology management functions such as discovery and enclosure management.
The LSISAS2308 is based on four generations of IOC technology and the industry-leading Fusion-MPT™ (Message Passing Technology) architecture. The LSISAS2308 6Gb/s SAS IOC supports 8 6Gb/s SAS lanes and 8 PCIe lanes and complies with the PCI Express 2.0 specification. Integrated RAID features include support for Integrated RAID (0, 1, 1E, 10)
The LSISAS2008 is LSI's second generation Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) IO Controller (IOC) device based on four generations of IOC technology and the industry-leading Fusion-MPT™ (Message Passing Technology) architecture. The LSISAS2008 6Gb/s SAS IOC supports 8 6Gb/s SAS lanes and 8 PCIe lanes and complies with the PCI Express 2.0 specification. Integrated RAID features include support for Integrated RAID (0, 1, 1E, 10)
The LSISAS2108 is LSI's second generation Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) RAID-On-a-Chip (ROC) device based on four generations of ROC technology and the industry-leading Fusion-MPT™ (Message Passing Technology) architecture. The LSISAS2108 6Gb/s SAS ROC supports 8 PCIe lanes and complies with the PCI Express 2.0 specification. RAID features include support for Integrated RAID (0, 1, 1E, 10) and MegaRAID (0, 1, 5, 6, 10, 50, 60).
28-port 3Gb/s SAS Expander Supports 1.5 and 3 Gb/s SAS and SATA data transfer rates per port; zoning; integrated enclosure management
36-port 3Gb/s SAS Expander Supports 1.5 and 3Gb/s SAS and SATA data transfer rates per port; zoning; integrated enclosure management
12-port SAS expander Supports 1.5 and 3 Gb/s data transfer rates per port; 12 fully-independent ports support direct, subtractive, and table-routed configurations as well as initiator or target connect
PCI Express to 8-port SAS Controller IC based on Fusion-MPT architecture Supports 1.5 and 3 Gb/s data transfer rates per port; Integrated RAID 0, 1, 1E
PCI-X to 8-port SAS Controller IC based on Fusion-MPT architecture Supports 1.5 and 3 Gb/s data transfer rates per port; Integrated RAID 0, 1, 1E
PCI Express to 4-port SAS controller IC based on Fusion-MPT architecture. Supports 1.5 and 3 Gb/s data transfer rates per port; Integrated RAID 0, 1, 1E
PCI-X to 4-port SAS controller IC based on Fusion-MPT architecture. Supports 1.5 and 3 Gb/s data transfer rates per port; Integrated RAID 0, 1, 1E
24 Port SAS-2 RAID-on-Chip (RoC) Controller with 8 ports PCIe Gen 3 support
8 Port SAS-2 RAID-on-Chip (RoC) Controller with 8 ports PCIe Gen 3 support
8 Port SAS-2 RAID-on-Chip (RoC) Controller with 8 ports PCIe Gen 2 support
36 port SAS-1.1 expander with zoning and embedded enclosure management. Supports 3G SAS and 1.5G/3.0G SATA
36 port SAS-2.0 expander with zoning and embedded enclosure management. Supports 3G/6G SAS and 1.5G/3.0G/6.0G SATA
24 port SAS-2.0 expander with zoning and embedded enclosure management. Supports 3G/6G SAS and 1.5G/3.0G/6.0G SATA
8-port SAS-2 SAS/SATA IO Controller. Supports 8-lane PCIe Gen 2 system interface
A 6Gb/s SAS/SATA controller that integrates leading-edge features, including: compatibility with industry-proven and established Tachyon programming model; support for 1024 end devices for high density storage arrays; 1.5Gb/s SATA and 3Gb/s SAS/SATA backwards compatibility; eight-lane PCI-Express 2.0 bus; greater than 250,000 input/output per second (IOPS) performance; SAS 2.0 compliant multiplexing to boost performance when used in 3G infrastructures; full-featured fault isolation framework application in Host software; and support for the T-10 Standard DIF (Data Integrity Field) to ensure complete integrity in the I/O data path.
4 Channel Active/Active Multiplexer. Used on an active backplane for dual porting SATA HDDs. Also can be used for signal conditioning for SAS HDDs. Operates at 1.5G and 3G.
Active/Active SATA Multiplexer. Used for dual porting SATA HDDs. Compatible with 1.5G and 3G HDDs.
24 port SAS-1.1 expander with zoning and embedded enclosure management. Supports 3G SAS and 1.5G/3.0G SATA
36 port SAS-1.0 expander with embedded enclosure management. Supports 3G SAS and 1.5G/3.0G SATA
24 port SAS-1.0 expander with embedded enclosure management. Supports 3G SAS and 1.5G/3.0G SATA
4 channel bi-directional SAS/SATA multiplexer and signal conditioner/link extender
The 2.5" WD S25 SAS hard drives provide up to 600GB of high performance storage suitable for both enterprise server and enterprise storage applications. The 6 Gb/s SAS interface enables optimum data reliability, availability and scalability with minimal power consumption.
The small form-factor, 70 percent smaller than 3.5-inch drives, allows more system airflow resulting in lower cooling costs, and higher density enterprise solutions.
WD RE SAS hard drives are engineered to offer data-hungry SAS storage systems the massive capacity they need without compromising top-of-the-line performance. Advanced reliability and data integrity features allow for 24x7 operation in tightly packed vibration prone multi-drive systems. This uncompromising combination of high-capacity, peak performance and best-in-class reliability make WD RE SAS drives ideal for business critical applications
The 3.5" WD RE SAS hard drives provide up to 2TB of high capacity storage suitable for both enterprise server and enterprise storage applications. The 6 Gb/s SAS interface enables optimum data reliability, availability and scalability.
The Toshiba MKx001TRKB series HDDs feature high storage capacities up to 2TB, enterprise-class reliability, enhanced power management, and performance efficiencies which are critical to business operations. The high-capacity, cost-effective models feature 7,200 RPM and a 6Gb/s SAS interfaces. The MKx001TRKB series is designed to support applications where reliability, high capacity, and performance are required.
Toshiba's MBF series 10K RPM disk drives are available in 600GB, 450GB and 300GB capacities with a 6Gb/s SAS interface. The MBF series provides exceptional performance with an average seek time of 4.0ms, a peak data transfer rate of 6Gb/sec, and an MTBF of 1,600,000 hours. Toshiba continues it's leadership with SFF SAS, offering users the performance they require, while using less floor space and less power to do so. All Toshiba Enterprise drives are RoHS compliant. Toshiba's 10K MBF series disk drives are a clear choice for demanding enterprise applications in the market today. This series is also available with encryption.
Toshiba's 4th generations SFF 10K SAS hard drives offering speeds up to 6Gb/s. The MBD series offers capacities up to 300GB and industry leading power consumption. This SAS solution is targeted for mid-range volume servers to disk storage arrays.
The MKxxx1GRZB series is Toshiba's 1st enterprise class SSD. It utilizes 32nm Enterprise Grade (SLC) NAND Flash Memory technology with capacities up to 400GB and performance numbers of 90K Read IOPS (Sustained) and 17K Write IOPS (sustained). Sequential throughput is 510MB/s for Reads and 230MB/s for Writes. This solution is ideal for your highest performance, endurance and reliability requirements.
This SFF 15K 6Gb/s SAS is designed to meet the requirements for mission critical servers. The MBE series offers storage capacities up to 147GB, higher performance, and proves its environmental commitments by delivering the best-in-class power consumption. It also complies with halogen-free standards.
Toshiba announced a new high-capacity, power-efficient 3.5-inch product line. The new MBF-LRC series features a 10,025 RPM spin speed, 6Gb/s SAS interface, and up to 600GB of storage capacity. This is a 2.5-inch drive configured in a 3.5-inch bracket, offering IT departments easier access to the benefits of 2.5-inch drives by enabling SFF to be used in legacy 3.5-inch servers and storage enclosures.
The Intel® RMS2AF080 offers exceptional data protection and configuration flexibility. Designed for a wide selection of Intel® Server Boards, this SAS/SATA RAID module offers features including a native PCI Express* 2.0 architecture help to deliver essential performance for 3Gb/s and 6Gb/s drive-based solutions. The Intel RMS2AF080 allows businesses using entry-level servers and workstations to employ robust RAID functionality at lower prices than enterprise-class RAID adapters.
The Intel® Integrated Server RAID Module SROMBSASMR offers intelligent RAID protection for servers using SAS or SATA hard drives. Designed specifically for select Intel® server boards, this SAS/SATA RAID module communicates with the host system through a custom PCI Express* board-to-board interface. With the popularity of rack-dense 1U and 2U servers increasing, this design allows system builders to easily implement a robust RAID solution without sacrificing a valuable riser-card slot.
The economical Intel® RAID Controller SASWT4I offers exceptional entry-level hardware SAS/SATA RAID and non-RAID data off-load for server systems and workstations. This RAID controller allows for point-to-point connections with a SAS universal interconnect interface allowing for 1.5 and 3 Gb/s SATA hard disk drives along with logical SCSI compatibility for the extra reliability and manageability that SAS drives provide.
The Intel® RAID Controller SASUC8I is ideal for servers and workstations needing high-speed data transfer with the option for entry-level hardware RAID data protection. This RAID controller allows for point-to-point connections with a SAS universal interconnect interface allowing for 1.5 and 3Gb/s SATA hard disk drives along with logical SCSI compatibility for the extra reliability and manageability that SAS drives provide.
The Intel® RAID Controller SRCSASRB is one in a family of Intel first-generation RAID solutions to use RAID-On-Chip (ROC) technology.
The SRCSASRB is also highly flexible. An important feature is the high-performance multiplexer (MUX) which allows configuring of eight ports for internal or external use, or both. Solutions can be built for up to 240 disks, using high-performance SAS disks or high-capacity SATA drives--or a combination of each.
The Intel® RAID Controller SRCSASLS4I provides high-performance, cost-effective data protection. With expander support it is excellent for systems using expander backplanes and up to 16 SAS or SATA hard drives. The SRCSASLS4I has a low profile MD2 compliant size that allows it to fit in systems of many form factors.
The Intel® RAID Controller SRCSASBB8I offers hardware RAID data protection and high design flexibility. It has a low profile MD2 size that allows use within servers of many form factors and with either SAS or SATA drives. Support for RAID 6 ensures data integrity, even if two drives fail simultaneously.
The Intel® RAID Controller RS2PI008, part of the Intel portfolio of 6Gb/s SAS adapters, offers unprecedented performance with exceptional data protection and design flexibility. Features including a native PCI Express* 2.0 architecture technology allow for significant performance gains for both 3Gb/s and 6Gb/s drive-based solutions. Data protection and availability are enhanced by new features including decision-feedback equalization for greater signal integrity, enhanced diagnostics, and more robust error reporting.
The Intel® RAID Controller RS2BL040, a member of Intel's 6Gb/s SAS adapter family, is targeted at solutions with expander backplanes or low drive counts. Features including a native PCI Express* 2.0 architecture allow for significant performance gains for both 3Gb/s and 6Gb/s drive-based solutions versus prior generation RAID adapters. Data protection and availability are enhanced by new features including Decision Feedback Equalization for greater signal integrity, enhanced diagnostics, and more robust error reporting.
The Intel® RAID Controller RS2BL080 offers unprecedented performance with exceptional data protection and design flexibility. Features such as a native PCI Express* Generation 2 architecture allow for significant performance gains for both 3Gb/s and 6Gb/s drive-based solutions. Data protection and availability are enhanced by new features including Decision Feedback Equalization for greater signal integrity, enhanced diagnostics, and more robust error reporting.
The Intel® RAID Controller RS2WC080 includes features such as a native PCI Express* 2.0 architecture to deliver essential performance for 3Gb/s and 6Gb/s drive-based solutions. The Intel RAID Controller RS2WC080 allows businesses using workstations and entry-level servers to employ robust RAID functionality at lower prices than enterprise-class RAID adapters.
The Intel® RAID Controller RS2MB044, part of Intel's portfolio of 6Gb/s SAS adapters offers unprecedented performance with exceptional data protection and design flexibility. With four internal and four external ports, the Intel RAID Controller RS2MB044 supports both internal drive storage and external JBOD expansion. Using the external SAS ports, multiple JBODs can be connected to a server, providing a scalable and affordable solution for growing storage requirements.
The Intel® RAID Controller RS2WG160, with sixteen internal ports, connects up to 16 drives inside the server via direct connection or passive backplane. The Intel RAID Controller RS2WG160's architecture delivers support for data transfer rates of up to 6Gb/s per port, and brings new features and improved performance regardless of whether the storage solution utilizes 3Gb/s or 6Gb/s SAS or SATA drives.
The Intel® RAID Controller RS2SG244 supports both internal drive storage and external JBOD expansion for up to 240 SATA or SAS drives. The Intel RAID Controller RS2SG244 connects up to 24 drives inside the server via direct connection or passive backplane. Using the external SAS ports, multiple JBODs can be connected to a server, providing a scalable and affordable solution for growing storage requirements.